Subsections
[Cr:4, Lc:3, Tt:0, Lb:0]
- Statistical methods in chemical analysis: Types of errors, propagation
of errors, statistical treatment of random errors, sample and
population, Normal distribution, Tests of Significance and Confidence
Limits. Method of Least squares and weighted least squares formalism.
Use of certified reference materials and procedures for
interlaboratory comparisons. Definition of limits of detection and
sensitivity, and concept of standard addition to assess matrix
effects.
- Analytical Spectroscopy: Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS); Flame
AAS, Electrothermal AAS (ET-AAS). Atomic Emission Spectrometry (AES):
With different excitation sources such as Flame AES, Inductively
Coupled Plasma AES (ICP-AES), Glow Discharge AES (GD-AES) and Spark
Source AES (SS-AES). Fluorescence Spectrometry, Laser Induced
Fluorescence (LIF), steady state and lifetime measurements, Single
atom detection. UV-Visible Molecular Absorption Spectrometry. Sources
and treatment of interferences and detection limits to be considered
in each of the techniques.
- Mass and Electron Spectroscopy: Mass Spectrometry: Mass Analysers;
Magnetic, Electrostatic, Double Focusing, Quadrupole, Time of Flight,
Ion cyclotron resonance. Discussion on instrumentation, resolution and
sensitivity. Detectors; Electron multipliers, Faraday cup and
microchannel plates. Ion Sources, Electron Impact Ionization,
Inductively Coupled Plasma, Glow Discharge, Thermal ionization, Laser
Ionisation, Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption and Ionisation (MALDI)
and SIMS. Applications to ultra-trace analysis, isotope ratio
measurements and surface characterization. Electron Spectrometry:
X-ray and UV Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Auger Electron Spectroscopy,
Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS)
- Microscopy: Scanning Electron Microscopy, SEM-EDX (Scanning Electron
Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy), Scanning Tunneling
Microscopy (STM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Transmission Electron
Microscopy (TEM)
- X-ray Spectroscopy: X-ray fluorescence – Wavelength dispersive
(WDXRF), Energy dispersive (EDXRF) XRF, Proton Induced X-ray Emission
(PIXE), Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS), X-ray
Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES)
- Analytical Electrochemistry: Potentiometry – General principles,
Calomel Electrodes, Ag-AgCl electrodes, Membrane electrodes – ion
selective electrodes, glass electrodes, biosensors. Coulometry: Basic
principles, constant current and constant potential coulometry.
Voltammetry: different waveforms – linear scan, square scan and
triangular scan, cyclic voltammetry.
- Separation techniques: Principles and applications of TLC, Gas
chromatography (GC), High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC),
FPLC, Ion chromatography (IC), Supercritical Fluid Chromatography,
Capillary Electrophoresis.
- D. A. Skoog, D. M. West, F. J. Holler, S. R. Crouch,
Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, 8th Edition, Thomson
(2004).
- D. A. Skoog, F. J. Holler, S. R. Crouch, Instrumental Analysis,
1st Edition, Brooks/Cole (Cengage Learning) (2007).
- H. H. Willard, L. L. Merritt Jr.,J. A. Dean, f. A. Settle Jr.,
Instrumental Methods of Analysis, CBS Publishers, New Delhi
(1986).
- J. C. Miller, J. N. Miller, Statistics for Analytical
Chemistry, 2nd Edition, Wiley (1998).
- D. C. Harris, W. H. Freeman Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 7th
Edition (2006).