Subsections
[Cr:4, Lc:4, Tt:0, Lb:0]
- Animals origins and the Evolution of body plans: Evolutionary
relationships among animals, salient features of Animal body plans,
symmetry.
- Introduction to Animal Diversity: Body Cavity, Segmentation,
Cephalization, Germ layers
- Invertebrates: i Life without a backbone, Origin and evolution of
different organ systems .Sponges, Cnidarians, Lophotrochozoans,
Ecdysozoans, Echinoderms and Hemichordates.
- Vertebrates: Origin and evolution of different organ system,
Tetrapods, Amniotes, Mammals and Humans.
- Animal Nutrition: i Essential Nutrients, Main stages of food
processing like Ingestion, Digestion, absorption and assimilation of
food.
- Circulation and Gas exchange: Gaseous exchange through respiratory
membranes and tissues, respiratory control centers, Basal metabolic
rate, High altitude respiration physiology Blood, Haemopoiesis,
Haemostasis, Haemoglobin, Lymph, Cardiac cycle, origin and conduction
of cardiac impulse.
- Osmoregulation and Excretion: Glomerular filtration, Tubular
re-absorption and secretion, counter current mechanism, hormonal
regulations.
- Nervous System, Sensory and Motor Mechanisms: Neuron structure and
functions, Genesis of membrane potential and conduction of action
potentials, Sodium- potassium pump, calcium pump, Transmission at
synapse, Neurotransmitters. Eye-retinal components and
photo-receptors. Ear-cochlea, basilar membrane, organ of cortigenesis
of action potential. Vertebrate skeletal muscle, other types of
muscles,Energetics of muscle contraction, sequence of events in
contraction & relaxation.
- Hormones and Reproduction: Asexual reproduction, parthenogenesis,
Sexual reproduction: an evolutionary enigma,Sex hormones, male and
female reproductive physiology, fertilization, pregnancy and child
birth. AIDS, contraceptives.
- N. A. Campbell, J. B. Reece, R. B. Jackson, M. L. Cain, L. A. Urry, S.
A. Wasserman and P. V. Minorsky, Biology, 8th Edn.
Benjamin-Cummings Pub Co. (2007).
- C. Hickman Jr, L. Roberts, S. Keen, A. Larson, H. I'Anson and D.
Eisenhour, Integrated Principles of Zoology, 14th Edn.,
McGraw-Hill (2007).
- R. W. Hill, G. A. Wyse and M. Anderson, Animal Physiology, 2nd
Edn., Sinauer Associates Inc. (2008).
