Subsections
[Cr:4, Lc:3, Tt:1, Lb:0]
- Introduction to earth's atmosphere, definition of weather and climate, fundamental atmospheric radiation, Heat exchange processes; radiation laws - absorption, emission and scattering in the atmosphere, atmospheric boundary layer.
- Atmospheric Dynamics: Basic laws of conservation; Fundamental Forces - Pressure Gradient Forces, Gravitational Force, Friction or Viscous Force; Apparent forces- Centrifugal Force, Coriolis force, Momentum Equations; Scale analysis of momentum equations; Hydrostatic approximation; Inertial Flow; Balanced motion, Geostrophic Wind, Gradient wind, Thermal Wind
- Atmospheric thermodynamics: thermodynamic laws, specific heats of a gas, moisture parameters, adiabatic processes, lapse rates, potential temperature, virtual temperature, adiabatic processes, water vapour in air, static stability.
- Introduction to the boundary layer, definition, convective, neutral and stable boundary layers, surface boundary layer characteristics, temporal evolution and vertical structure; surface energy balance, Reynold’s number, Richardson number
- Elementary concepts of General Circulation of the Atmosphere, Jet streams - Definition and characteristics, regional circulation systems-Tropical Easterly jet, Subtropical Westerly jet, Somali jet.
- Overview of Clouds: types of clouds; cloud formation; warm cloud microphysics: diffusional growth, droplet population, collision‐coalescence, cold cloud microphysics: nucleation, ice multiplication, growth of ice particles by accretion and ice particle melting; hydrometeors.
- Indian summer monsoon: definition of monsoon – driving forces of the monsoon, synoptic features associated with onset, withdrawal, active and break cycles of monsoon, rainfall distribution and rain bearing systems.
- J. M. Wallace and P. V. Hobbs, Atmospheric science - An Introductory Survey, 2nd Edition, Academic Press, London, 2006.
- Holton J. R., An Introduction to Dynamical Meteorologys, Academic Press
- The Monsoons by P. K. Das, National Book Trust, India
- Ahrens, C. D., Meteorology Today, 11th editions, Cengage, 2015
- Roland B. Stull, An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology, Springer, 1988
